China now has a contingent of
19.13 million scientific and technical personnel, among whom
2.582 million are involved in science and technology
activities. There are 5,860 institutes above the county
level conducting scientific research work. Over the years,
the country has established a comprehensive S & T system
which covers all fields of science and
technology.
In line with the principle and
strategic objectives set for China's science and technology
development, China's S & T efforts are strategically
deployed at the
following three
tiers:
At the first tier are R&D activities
aimed at tackling major S & T snags encountered in the
nation's economic construction
Through the
organization and execution of the "National Program for
Key S&T Projects", the "Industrial Experiment
Program", the "Spark Program", the
"National S & T Achievements Dissemination
Program", and the "National Program for Science
and Technology for Sustainable Development", efforts
are under way to accelerate technological innovation and
product regeneration in traditional industries, to develop
and exploit advanced science and technology, and to
harmonize the economic and social development with nature by
upgrading the technological and labor performance level both
in industry and
agriculture.
At the
second tier are efforts to develop high and emerging
technologies
and high-tech
industries
Under the "National High
Technology Research and Development Program" ("863
Program") and the "Torch Program", these
efforts are designed to place the nation at the frontiers of
the world's high technology development in certain fields;
the S&T manpower is concentrated on key projects and
limited objectives; and the
commercialization,
industrialization and globalization of high and emerging
technologies are vigorously
pursued.
At the third
tier are undertakings in basic research and applied basic
research
By launching the
"National Program for Key Basic Research
Projects"("the Scaling the Heights Program")
and establishing the National Natural Science Foundation
mechanism and key national Laboratories, the nation's basic
research is expected to be greatly strengthened and provide
a solid basis for the long-term scientific and technological
advances as well as for the economic and social
development.
S & T
INPUT
Indicators Unit 1989 1990 1991 1992 l993
1994 1995
R&D expenditure 100million yuan
112.31 125.49 142.30 169.00 196.00 222.24
286.00
GERD/Gl)P % 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.62
0.50 0.50
Govn't.funds l00million yuan 127.87
139.12 160.69 189.26 225.61 268.25 301.88
for
S&T
Govn't. funds/
Total bud.* % 4.53 4.51 4.74 5.06 4.86 4.63
4.42
R8D personnel (FTE)** 492.l 617.1 642.5
655.1 665.6
(thousand
person-year)
*The debt is not included in total
finance expenditure.
** FTE: Full-time
equivalent jobs. which are total hours worked divided by
average annual hours worked in full-time
jobs.
S & T
OUTPUT
Indicators Unit
l989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Scientific
Papers paper 10,053 13,183 13,542 15,466 20,178 24,584
26,395
Published Abroad
*
Scientific Papers paper
86,419 88,723 94,435 98,575 101,983 107,492
107,991
Published Domestically
**
Number of patents item
32,905 41,469 50,040 67,135 77.276 77,735
83,045
applied
Exports
of high-tech million
products US$ 1,848 2,686
2,877 3.996 4,676 6,342
10,091
National major
S&T item 20,278 26.829 32,653 33,384 32,916 30,230
31,000
achievements registered
* The indexes used
include SCI.L ISTP and EI services
** The data
of domestic publications and based on about 1200 journals of
China
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