First started in 1982, the
"National Program for Key S&T Projects" is a
critical component of the five-year plans for the national
economic and social development. It is updated every five
years and submitted for approval by the National People's
Congress --the Chinese Parliament.
The
objective of the Program is to find solutions to the
scientific and technological bottlenecks in the national
economic and social development.
The Program is
funded by both the central and local governments, and
supplemented by financial inputs from different industrial
sectors and institutions. The government investment is in
three types: completely free support, partially free
support, and loans. The government investment on the Program
during the Eighth Five-year Plan period (199 l-1995) was
about 3.5 billion
yuan.
The
Spark Program
Approved
by the Chinese Government in 1986, the Spark program is the
nation's first guided development program designed to
develop the rural economy through science and
technology.
Objectives
To
bring advanced and appropriate scientific and technological
achievements to the rural areas; to guide the 800 million
Chinese farmers onto the path towards modern, science and
technology-driven agricultural production; to guide
scientific and technological progress in township
enterprises; to improve productivity; and to ensure a
sustainable, fast and healthy development of the rural
economy.
Financial
Resources
Mainly raised
from the public with some seed money from the state.
Projects listed in the program are entitled to favorable
bank loans and preferential taxation
policies.
Future
Focus
To develop regional
pillar industries in rural areas; To establish
Spark-intensive Areas in conjunction with the construction
of small cities and
towns.
The
National High Technology R&D
Program
In March of 1986,
four eminent Chinese scientists urged the initiation of a
new national high technology program. Thoroughly assessed by
expertise and approved by the Chinese Government, the
National High Technology Research and Development Program
(also referred to as 863 Program) was
launched.
Guiding
Principles
Limited
targets, clearly-defined priorities, vigorous monitoring of
global technological advances, striving for breakthroughs
wherever possible, and combining the military with the
civilian while focusing attention on the
civilian.
Objectives
The
Program is designed to pool the best technological resources
in China for the purpose of keeping up with the world's high
technology advances in certain fields, to close the gap
between China and other countries in several critical areas;
and to strive for breakthroughs wherever possible. The
Program also devotes attention to providing technological
backup for the nation's economic development, national
defence, and the
commercialization of high
technology.
Finance
The
financial support required for the Program comes from
special government
appropriations.
The
Torch Program
Approved by
the Chinese Government, the Torch Program (high and emerging
technology industry development program) was initiated in
1988.
Objectives
To
promote the commercialization, industrialization and
globalization of the results of key high technology
projects(including those from the 863Program) through market
mechanisms.
Financial
Resources
Mainly raised from the public with
support of start-up funds from the state. New product
projects listed in the Program are entitled to priority in
getting bank loans and to preferential taxation policies
over a specified period of time.
The creation
of the High and Emerging Technology Industry Development
Zones
represent a major thrust of the
"Torch Program". Thus far, the central government
has approved 52 such zones at the national level, resulting
in clusters of burgeoning high and new technology industries
in the coastal, frontier, boarder and inland cities all over
the country. Preferential policies have been put into effect
in these
zones.
The
National S&T Achievement Dissemination
Program
The National S
& T Achievements Dissemination Program was initiated in
1990.
Objectives
To
inject advanced, appreciate, mature S&T achievements
into the nation's economic and social development in a well
organized and planned fashion; to mobilize large numbers of
scientists and engineers for the implementation of massive
popularization efforts in the rural areas, in enterprises,
and in a wide range of economic and social activities, so as
to enhance the overall performance level of the national
economy.
Features
Meeting
the technological requirements of enterprises, the
countryside, and the traditional
industries;
Aiming at higher economic returns
with less investment, short investment cycle, good
demonstration role and spin-off
effect.
Finance
Loans,
investments, and funds are raised by enterprises and the
public as well as start-up money provided by the government.
The projects listed in the program are entitled to
preferential treatment during
implementation.
The
National Program for Key Basic Research Projects
Approved by the Chinese
Government, National Program for Key Basic Research Projects
(the Scaling the Height Program) was initiated in
1991.
Objectives
The
Program is designed to conduct high quality research on
major scientific issues that have an important bearing on
the nation's science and technology as well as economic and
social development, so as to make great contributions to the
world's scientific advances and our country's social
progress, vigorously train young talents for basic research,
and strengthen the buildup of a high quality research
contingent.
Funding
The
funding required for the program is provided by the
government.
The National Program for Key Basic
Research Projects covers seven branches of basic research
and eight branches of applied basic research fields:
mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy,
geography, biology; energy, materials, information and
computer, basic agronomy, basic medical sciences, resource
and environment science, space science, and engineering
science.
Thus
far, 45 basic research projects have been
undertaken
1. Fundamental
research on high critical temperature superconductivity
2. The computing theory and methods of
large-scale scientific engineering
Physics of
Semiconductor Super Lattice and exploratory work on new
materials and devices
4. Nonlinear
sciences
5. Study and application of proving
theorems with the aid of computer programs
6.
Nano-size materials science
7. Some important
problems on theoretical physics
8.
Multi-frequency band observation and research of the
activity of celestial bodies
9. Research on
the chemical problems in lifetime
10. Research
on the molecular engineering of functional materials
11. Research on basic physics problems of
condensed polymers
12. Atomic-molecular
excited state and state-state reaction
dynamics
13. Fundamental research on rare earth
materials
14. Fundamental research on
utilization of superiority of male sterility
15. Research on the model of effective control
of wart in the system
16. Research on
acupuncture meridian (special channels and collaterals in
human
body)
17. Research of the
nascent peptide chain and protein folding
18.
Molecular biology research on disease mechanism of malignant
tumors,
cardiovascular and cerebral diseases
19. High yield and high efficiency physiology
research of Chinese major crops
20. Brain
function and it s Cell and Molecule fundamental research
21. Research on structure. property. molecular
design and preparing process of
photo
electrical materials
22.
Research on femtosecond laser technique and ultra-fast
process
23. Some problems of cognitive
sciences
a. Relationship between the cognition
and computing
Neural networks Thinking
and synthesizing knowledge system 24. Non-structure
devices and mesoscopic physics
25. High
efficiency and low pollution burning Process of coal and
oil
26. Study on climate dynamics and climate
prediction theory
Research on forecast and
countermeasures of changes and trends of China s future
existence environment (20-50 years)
28.
Investigation and application of crust motion and
geo-dynamics in modem time
29. Research of the
formation. environment change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
30. Fundamental research concerning the
searching super-large mineral deposits
Fundamental research on the outbreak
regularities and control techniques for 5 key pests
of grain and cotton crops
Nanometer scale
information storage using SPM/SNOM technology 33.
Fundamental research on Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer
co-flooding for enhanced oil
recovery(EOR)
34. New ideas and
technology in the search for Giant Ore
Deposits
35. Investigation on new theories and
technologies for modern Power system
operation
and control
36. Fundamental research on
improving seed stocks and disease-resistance
of
maricultivated organisms
37.
Micro Electro Mechanical System
38. Tibetan
Plateau field experiment and research
Research
on advanced aero-thermodynamics in energy utilization and
new design system
Fundamental research
on safety and durability of major structures in civil and
hydraulic engineering
Fundament
research on the immune prevention and control of animal
important infectious disease
Fundament
research on the genetic control of human diseases and
infectious diseases
43. Fundamental
research on key techniques in high-performance
computing
44. Fundamental research on smelting
reduction technology
Fundamental research on
the advanced techniques of nuclear medicine and
radiotherapy
The
National Program for Science and Technology for Sustainable
Development
Objectives
To
improve the quality of living of the people and to enhance
the overall quality of the general public;
To
improve the living and development environment for the
people and coordinate the relationship between man and
nature;
To promote scientific and technological
progress in social undertakings and
related
industries;
To promote the
implementation of the National Program for Science and
Technology for Sustainable
Development.
Keynotes
Promoting
the implementation China's Agenda 21 through scientific and
technological progress;
Guiding and
coordinating the conduct of scientific and technological
undertakings in social development;
Promoting S
& T industrial development programs in such fields as
medicine, environment, resources, and housing
construction;
Supporting a number of S & T
research projects of great significance to the nation's
social development;
Arranging for a batch of
key applied basic research and high/new technology
development projects;
Establishing a cluster of
S & T industrial parks for social
development;
Establishing a cluster of
comprehensive experiment zones for promoting community
sustainable
development.
Soft
Science Research
Soft
science is a complete scientific and technological knowledge
system encompassing natural sciences, social sciences and
engineering technologies and it is crucial for democratic
and scientific decision-making.
SSTC is in
charge of the nation's soft science research. By 1992, some
960 soft science research organizations had been established
nationwide with some 29,000 researchers. Over 16,000
research topics of soft science had been completed, with
4,341 having won national, ministerial, or provincial level
awards for scientific and technological
progress.
Main
Mission of Soft Science Research in the New
Era
To strengthen research on soft science
theories and methodologies;
To conduct research
on important and critical issues in reform and development
and provide services to a democratic and scientific
decision- making process; and To foster the
commercialization and industrialization of soft science
research results and cultivate and develop a consultancy
industry.
Funding
Provided
by the central government agencies and local governments.
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